In April 2022, we set out to plug the severe dearth of information about the scale and extent of criminalisation in India. Two years later, The State of the System (S.O.S.) was born. The S.O.S. is a first-of-its-kind database of all criminal offences across Central laws of India.
Hosted on crimeandpunishment.in, the S.O.S. is a comprehensive repository of all crimes defined under 370 central laws of India. Spanning 174 years of legislative enactments, it encompasses laws across 45 subject matters. It documents every act and omission that has been criminalised, along with the corresponding punishments. It offers a comprehensive view of how much India relies on criminal law as a tool for governance.
It allows users to explore the data by law, subject matter, ministry, or year of enactment, and uncover key insights. This database is our attempt at simplifying the complex web of laws, making it easy to explore and understand the staggering scale of criminalisation in India.
While the S.O.S. is at the heart of this initiative, the website also serves as a repository of all our research, opinion pieces, and, importantly, stories from the ground.
Personal narratives are a powerful tool for driving reform in the criminal justice system. By sharing the lived experiences of those navigating this system, be it as the accused, victims, or other key stakeholders, we aim to offer a more nuanced, human-centred perspective on how the system actually functions.
About the Researchers
Naveed Mehmood Ahmad
Naveed is Senior Resident Fellow and Lead with the Crime and Punishment Team at Vidhi. His work focuses on decriminalisation of India's legislative landscape and reimagining India's approach towards Crime & Punishment. Previously, Naveed has worked on criminalisation of drug use and evaluated the government response to increasing violence against women. Naveed holds an undergraduate degree in law from National University of Law, Punjab and a Masters in Law from Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai.
Ayushi Sharma
Ayushi is a Senior Resident Fellow with the Crime & Punishment Team at Vidhi. Her work focuses on mapping of India's criminal law landscape and developing a framework for principle based criminal law making. Prior to joining Vidhi, she worked at Nirma University and National Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar. She writes regularly for various national media outlets like Times of India, the Deccan Herald, Economic and Political Weekly etc. She graduated from National University of Law, Punjab (RGNUL) and obtained her Masters from the Indian Law Institute, Delhi. She is currently pursuing her doctoral studies at National Law Institute University, Bhopal, where her research is focused on violence against sexual minorities.
Aashna Mansata
Aashna is a Research Fellow with the Criminal Justice team at Vidhi. Having recently completed their B.A., LL.B. (Hons.) from Symbiosis Law School, Pune, they are keenly interested in Constitutional, Administrative, and Criminal Law. Outside of professional engagements, Aashna finds their greatest joy in animals and food, and also enjoys music, competitive parliamentary debate, and political and historical fiction.
Sriyanshi Bhatt
Sriyanshi is a Research Fellow with the Criminal Justice Team at Vidhi. She has recently graduated from Jindal Global Law School with a BA LLB (Hons.). Before joining Vidhi, she briefly worked with Centre for Social Justice which provided her the opportunity to work in close collaboration with various stakeholders operating within Human Rights delivery framework(s). As a law student, she has interned with the Centre of Law, Justice and Society, People's Union of Civil Liberties (Delhi), and Alternative Law Forum, focusing on the interaction of vulnerable groups with the law.
Ishaan Bamba
Ishaan Bamba is a Research Fellow with the Crime & Punishment Team at Vidhi. Prior to joining Vidhi, Ishaan has worked as a Senior Policy Analyst at Swaniti Initiative, a Child Rights Fellow with the Delhi Government, and most recently, as a Young Professional at NITI Aayog. Ishaan provided research and technical support to Members of Parliament (MPs) and Civil Society Organisations on themes of human trafficking, bonded labour, and child labour while at Swaniti. As a Child Rights Fellow with the Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights (DCPCR), Govt. of NCT of Delhi, he worked directly on implementation and monitoring of various child-related policies in Delhi, impacting institutions and beneficiaries. Thereafter, at NITI Aayog, his work focused on revitalizing the Planning Departments across all States and UTs as well as on implementing the State Support Mission, a Central Sector Scheme. He graduated from Amity Law School, Delhi in 2017 with a B.A. LLB (Hons.) and completed his Master’s in Public Policy from National Law School of India University, Bengaluru (NLSIU) in 2019.
Shailee Basu
Shailee recently graduated with B.A. LL.B. (Hons) from National Law University Odisha. During the course of their law school, Shailee has worked with the Chief Justice of India, Dr Justice DY Chandrachud, public policy clinics, and law firms among others. Their passion for exploring the nuances of environmental law, animal rights, and policy has defined their professional trajectory. Beyond this, Shailee's interests extend to gender justice and data protection laws, reflecting both a professional calling and a deeply personal commitment. In their free time, you would find them cozy with a book, petting their paw-friends, or baking